Professor Dennis Morgan, teaches advertising, marketing/ sales, and entrepreneurship at Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa. He is also the head of the Business Department at Orange Coast College. Not only an academic, but he is also a practitioner in the marketing industry and consulting over 500 different industries. Some of his more prominent clients include IBM, Motorola, Bank of America, Subway, and more. However, the majority of his focus leans toward consulting small businesses and start-up companies. Throughout the interview, Morgan mentions some of the research he conducted throughout his years as a scholar. One of the research topics that stood out for our group was the topic regarding small marketing businesses. Dennis published a book on this topic, “The Complete Guide to Marketing a Small Business Or Product Successfully.” We were able to get some interesting insights and information about his field of study and research methods.
Desiree Arevalo, Jamie Richardson, Emily Bell, Jessica Ryan
In order to further analyze and bring awareness to the published study, The Watchdog Joins the Fray: The Press, Records Audits, and State Access Reform, conducted by Emily Erickson, we have written this blog post to allow our readers to learn more about the scholar, her published study, and her contributions to the field of journalism and government transparency. As the press plays an important role in holding governments accountable, this study sheds light on the effectiveness of public records audits in promoting transparency and accountability in government agencies. Through our blog post, we hope to provide readers with a deeper understanding of the importance of public records audits and the role that journalists and the press play in advocating for government transparency and accountability.
By: Carlo Malig, Alex Lopez, Simone Spencer, and Anthony Tran
Christian Seiter, courtesy of CSUF
The Study titled “COVID-19 Risk Perceptions and Intentions to Engage in Familial Advance Care Planning: The Mediating Role of Death Anxiety” explores the impact of COVID-19 risk perceptions on intentions to engage in familial advance care planning (ACP) and the mediating role of death anxiety. The study surveyed 353 adults in the United States using an online survey. The results showed that COVID-19 risk perceptions were positively associated with intentions to engage in familial ACP, and that this relationship was partially mediated by death anxiety. The authors suggest that the findings may inform strategies to increase ACP engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic by addressing death anxiety as a barrier to ACP.
by Samantha Davis, Brooke van den Oever, & Ximena Sanchez
Dr. Jiwoo Park is an assistant professor in Cal State Fullerton’s Department of Communications. She teaches and conducts research primarily in the realm of digital media. As a group, we were fascinated by her article “Digital Media-Driven Korean Popular Culture Consumption among First-And-A-Half Generation Korean Immigrant Children”. We recently had the opportunity to interview Professor Park via Zoom to learn more about the research process behind this article.
Elise Assaf is an assistant professor in the Department of Communications; she teaches public relations and entertainment courses in the undergraduate communications program. In addition to her Ph.D. in Education from Chapman University, Dr. Assaf holds an M.A. in Communications and a B.A. in Communications, emphasis in public relations, from Cal State Fullerton.
We interviewed Professor Robert Meeds, a professor at California State University of Fullerton, on his 2007 study Factors affecting information processing of internet advertisements: a test on exposure condition, psychological reactance, and advertising frequency. The interview consisted of questions regarding the reason for the study, the methods used, his perspective on the study looking back, and how he views the industry of internet advertisements today. The interview was 35 minutes in length and conducted through Zoom.
What was the reason for the study, and what question were you trying to answer?
When originally asked, Meeds began to explain how the experiment was his student’s idea. At the time, he was teaching at Kansas State University, and one of his graduate students, Cong Li whom he was an advisor to, was doing an experiment to get into his PhD progam. The experiment was mainly Li’s idea to make him more attractive to the competitive program he was applying to.
As Meeds explained, the Internet was a completely different time in the early 2000s. He discussed how internet advertising had some annoying and intrusive qualities. There were no regulations of the types of advertisements and it was believed that ads would slow down page loads, making it even more frustrating for Internet users. This study was, “trying to understand, what were the factors that influenced people’s attitudes toward internet advertising.” Overall, both Meeds and Li were studying the psychological reactance of users, which was a big predictor for people’s attitudes about internet advertising.
When was the study conducted? How long did it take to conduct the study and gather results? Was it easy to make time for it in your schedule?
Professor Meeds and his colleague published this study in 2007. The study was conducted two years before that, in 2005. The experiments that were conducted in the study had to be approved through IRB since the subjects in the study were people. Along with receiving their participant’s consent to participate in the study, this resulted in the study taking about three to six months to conduct. Professor Meeds said this particular study was easy to fit into his schedule because he was only teaching three classes a year. He was teaching at Kansas State University which is a research based university, so they had time built in for research.
Photo by Flavio Negrini
Was there anything in your results that surprised you?
Although Meeds does not recall on this particular study if he had differing expectations from his results, he finds the way in which our brains respond to stimuli to be surprising at times. He says the way we respond to advertising is the same way we respond to everything else in our environment, visually and physically. Since his research is based on how people process information, he finds it interesting that the human information processing system can actually be very predictable.
Why do you think that H5 did not show any significant results for the effects between psychological reactance and exposure condition?
Since it had been a while since he had looked over the study, Meeds wasn’t entirely sure as to why this hypothesis did not show any significant results. He went on to say that if the high reactance and low reactance people were more negative about being exposed to ads in general, then there would be no interaction effect, or no difference between the reaction of the two. This hypothesis showed that the exposure condition had a main effect on both high and low reactance people, thus not showing any significant results.
In your experience, what is the hardest part of gathering survey and questionnaire based research?
Professor Meeds said the most stressful part of designing an experiment is that one mistake can cause the whole experiment to be invalid because that would cause an internal validity flaw. When conducting surveys, it is easier to work around a mistake because you are making correlational analyses. Instead, with experiments, by definition, you are trying to isolate differences based on groups, so if you make a mistake, months of work could be considered invalid.
If you were to conduct this study again, is there anything you would change?
As discussed in the interview, psychological reactants are still valid in today’s society with the types of advertisements being used. Meeds explained how those are, “very stable personality traits,” and how it would be interesting to do the study again with a focus on the different formats on mobile ads. He mentioned that advertising frequency is a huge problem in today’s industry, and that the type of pop up ads that are being used nowadays are completely different from what is being used today.
(Meeds & Li, 2007)
We also discussed how although the ads aren’t as intrusive, the industry is continuously finding ways to sneak in ads without having consumers even realize that they are ads. Additionally, peoples’ attention spans have decreased significantly, and it has become more difficult for companies to get and keep consumers’ attention when it comes to products and brands.
Do you think the way ads are perceived are changing for better or for worse? What do you think the future of advertising looks like?
Professor Meeds believes general consumer cynicism towards advertising ebbs and flows throughout different periods of time. When people first began to see new advertisements on platforms such as Tik Tok, it was perceived in a positive light and people found it interesting. As time went on and people became accustomed to the ads, people began to react negatively. This pattern goes for any advertisement on a social media platform over a long period of time.
Advertising adapts to how people are consuming media.
Professor Meeds
According to Meeds, the advertising industry advances faster than other forms of messaging, such as journalism, because there is a lot more money that supports it. The advertising industry will transform to fit whatever the future of media is. In terms of attention spans and how they continue to get shorter, Meeds points out that ads nowadays can be as short as 5 – 10 seconds when decades ago, the norm used to be 60 seconds.
(Meeds & Li, 2007)
The advertising industry struggles in a few areas. Professor Meeds believes that the ad industry is still behind on mobile advertising, despite the fact that digital advertising is the biggest financial component in the United States. He believes that the field has not figured out how to effectively communicate from a design and visual communications standpoint in the tiny space that is the standard phone screen. Although animations and other features are used in digital advertising, one cannot promote visuals like they do on billboards.
To adapt to the ongoing changes of advertising, Professor Meeds has altered his courses to accurately fit the new media and trends. In his COMM classes, he used to assign print ad assignments, but they have been replaced with social media ads and animated banner ads. He has to keep up with the new techniques enough to be able to provide insightful assignments for students.
What is the most important thing to remember in the research process? What is your biggest tip?
Work backwards.
Professor Meeds
Professor Meeds provided us with a simple tip: work backwards. When going about any research process, Meeds states we should first figure out where we want to end up, and formulate a plan backwards from that to achieve said results. Although this is not the way we are taught in class, getting an idea of where we want our study to end up, and working backwards from there is a good way to go about it in hopes of receiving the results we want.
By Belize Tesoro, Tania Montoya, Marco Morales, and Sydney Taylor
As we have learned throughout the semester, research is a crucial aspect to every industry, especially communications. Research aids the branches of communications in several ways, for example, content analysis allows researchers to uncover the attitudes media industries such as journalism and entertainment has towards constituent groups. These findings allow us to examine the state of society and better understand its social structures. With the powerful impact that mass communications has on culture, proper research and methodology is essential to ensuring that the information that is disseminated is relevant, consistent, and accurate.
Renown Academic Sits Down and Speaks About Why Her Social Media Study Took a Decade
Sandy Banda, Emily Hernandez, Logan Khan
Dr. Sarah Coyne is the curriculum vitae and Associate Director at Brigham Young University (BYU) as well as a Developmental Psychologist. We sat down with her and talked about her publication Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight-year longitudinal study (2020) and the trials and tribulations that were entailed within the study. She received her B.S. in Psychology from Utah State University and her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Central Lancashire in Preston, England. Her research interests include social media, aggression, and child development. In addition, we discussed the inspiration behind her career and her advice on using social media as a research tool.
Coyne caught the research bug when she was 20 years old when she needed to complete her honors thesis during her undergraduate degree. She asked a question no other researcher in the history of humanity had asked and then was able to answer it through like, careful research and like implementing the skills that she has learned including methodology and theory. How does viewing relational aggression in the media impact aggressive behavior among girls? It was very thrilling for her to answer. It forced on things like gossiping, spreading rumors and the impact that it created. A lot of the research at the time was all about media violence like shooting, stabbing and I wanted to see how watching that type of behavior impacted that type of aggression in real life. So she did it for her undergrad and then again for her PhD thesis.
Dr. Coyne began her study by taking participants from the Flourishing Families Project which involved families with children between 10 and 13. There was a sample of at least 500 participants and this amount was needed in order to make an effect. Although a heavy amount of the families were of European American ethnicity there were a few families that were African American, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. Education of the parents was either a bachelor;s or higher with the mother being a higher percentage. The income from families varied from mid class to low income. When they were first selected they were interviewed during the first eight months of 2007 for the first wave data sample. They were interviewed via phone call and before that they were given a letter in advance to just remind them that they were in the study and were going to receive the interview soon. Some were given home classes and those were videotaped for research purposes. As the wave phases changed within a period of time the structure of the study procedure stayed the same. The only difficulty presented was that the children were picked at a random age and there were some age gaps that were missing in the study.
Here are the questions we asked Dr. Coyne to get to know about her research career and learn more about her publication:
Can you walk us through the research process for your publication?
This project was part of a wider project called Flourishing Families, and the intent of that project is to find out how families flourish as opposed to how they fail. At Wave Three, I got hired at BYU. I asked the question: how is social media affecting these teenagers.? At the time social media was still fairly new and by wave five I was fully part of the project. We followed these kids every single summer, our students would go up to Seattle and we would follow them to their family homes and interview the teenagers and their parents and all sorts of things.
What problems or limitations did you run into conducting your research for this study?
I think the hardest part of this study was retention. Trying to track down families and kids and things like that. Something that was difficult in terms of studying media is that media changed pretty dramatically from 2009 when we first started the study, until today .So we just didn’t know what kind of questions to ask. By wave Six, we changed it to be online because the kids started to move. And then yeah, when they went to college, when they were 18, they went all over the place. I wish I could go back and ask all of the questions that now people are asking, so then I could have longitudinal data on it.
Why choose to make it an 8 to 11 year study?
I’m a developmental psychologist, so I think about everything in terms of development. Some of the major limitations of the research, including media, are the short term nature. Its hard to answer questions about social media, mental health, because it might just be that people with poor mental health use social media in certain ways because of poor mental health. Right. So by looking at it over the course of eight years, we were able to pretty much go through all of the adolescents and that early stage of adulthood. So we were able to see how things look from year to year and then really across the course of adolescence. That’s what we care about as human beings. We just want our teenagers to be okay when they leave the house, so we want to find out what is impacting them in certain ways.
Social media plays a prevalent role in today’s society, what are your thoughts on using social media as a research tool?
I think that it’s a great tool to be utilized in a variety of different ways. It’s something that we’re using right now. We’re doing an EMA study on body image and social media among adolescents. So it’s like we’re trying to capture them in the moment and seeing how they feel. But then part of it is we’re going to try to scrape their data on their social media feeds to find out what kind of content and what kind of experiences they’re having. So kind of using that as a tool in that way. We’re doing other studies where we’re using passive sensing. Right. So we’re able to collect social media, like, exactly what they’re doing and how they’re utilizing it. But possibilities are so much bigger than that. And I know that other people are using it in a lot of fun ways.
When conducting a research study, do you prefer using a quantitative or qualitative method of analysis and why?
Historically I’m a quantitative researcher. I think it’s easier to do longitudinal stuff with quantitative data. Recently though I have been dipping my toe into more qualitative studies, especially if it’s like a newer area because you kind of gotta hear the voice and then you can figure out, is this even worth studying or know it comes up with new questions. I also really like mixed methods when I can do it but most of my research has been quantitative though, for sure.
What would your advice be for student researchers or beginners who are conducting their first research study?
Just be as creative as you can and think up new methods or tweaking methods that already exist or, um, looking at something different, in a unique way. That’s like the spirit of research follow your passion, I know that that’s generic advice, but a lot of people get a research job working for a company, you know, inputting data or whatever, which is fine and we need those people, but follow your passions and I think that you’ll have fulfill career.
How do you see the long term ramifications of mental health now that social media is constantly growing?
I feel like social media can certainly impact mental health for negative and also for positive. It depends on all sorts of things like the individual, the content, the context, you know, the ways we’re using it and so on. What I’m hoping is that social media’s here to stay and that educators and government and parents will get behind, media literacy, this point of view to try to educate and empower youth to use social media in ways that help them thrive. While at the same time I hope that social media companies will partner with researchers, including some child development specialists, um, to think about how their product, um, what the impact their product might be having on youth and if there are things that we can change to have a better impact.
In terms of social media and mental health, are there any sort of disclaimers you have for newer users given your study and seeing what the trends were over those years just to avoid having such a negative and I guess toxic impact?
Yeah, I would say avoid really heavy use early on in development. So some of our research suggests that that can be pretty negative, especially for girls. I would say keep an open dialogue with your parents or somebody that you trust so that you can go to them, if you see something that’s heavy or if you see somebody mistreated, um, and they can help you learn and grow. Try to be mindful when you’re using and really aware of how it’s impacting you so you can set boundaries for yourself. I think our problem is when it’s kind of a free for all and we’re not thinking and we’re just scrolling and it’s high levels.
How do you think your study would’ve been different if it would’ve been now in modern times, rather than during a time like quarantine.
I would say it is mixed among researchers right now. Most of us kind of think that social media has a small to negligible effect on mental health in terms of time spent on it because there’s so much content like that. So I think that if we did it today, we’d find something probably similar. We definitely would’ve asked other questions. So like if you’re consistently using social media in a negative way, it’s gonna have a long term negative effect.If you’re consistently looking at inspiring, wonderful content where everyone’s prosocial we’re gonna have a really positive effect. I think that a lot of people relied on social media during the pandemic in ways that they hadn’t before in order to connect. I don’t know if that means that we kind of like to rely on it too much now or in different ways. But I am hoping that we’ll continue to look at this longitudinally to see how this generation is different from the last, they are different in a lot of ways.
Since Dr. Coyne is based in Utah, we had to use Zoom to have the best interpersonal experience, and we have the video to showcase her contributions towards the communications industry.
By: Ella Deshautreaux, Clara Meade, Caleb Feliciano, and Justin Wolf
Published research on LGBT history in America is limited in comparison to other research subjects in U.S. history. Cal State Fullerton professor, research scholar, and author, Craig Loftin, brought both an academic and captivating voice to LGBT U.S. history through his 2012 published book “Masked Voices: Gay Men and Lesbians in Cold War America”. In Craig Loftin’s book “Masked Voices: Gay Men and Lesbians in Cold War America”, the letter archives deriving from “ONE Magazine” expose the honest and vulnerable voices of gay and lesbian people during the 1950s and 1960s in America.
The novel uses the direct letters sent to ONE Magazine as primary sources of research with scholar Craig Loftins extended interpretation, historical background information, and structured division among categorized topics. Craig Loftin began his research for his book, “Masked Voices: Gay Men and Lesbians in Cold War America” while undergoing his Ph.D. program in American Studies at the University of Southern California. Among uncovering the archived letters written and sent to ONE Magazine, Craig Loftin used the letters as primary research for his study. Professor Loftin shares with us how he began his research process, and his research steps including his use of coding keywords to divide his topics, and utilizing the letters as primary sources of research.
Craig Loftin’s novel “Masked Voices: Gay Men and Lesbians in Cold War America” has been awarded the “Over the Rainbow Project book List” by the American Library Association and is used as a second source of research and enjoyable read of history including in multiple University libraries for readers everywhere. Craig Loftin’s research and publication have brought life to the historical archives of the letters sent to One Magazine. It is our honor to present further information on scholar Craig Loftin’s research.
Loftin initially had the monumental task of writing and researching one of the most sensitive topics and making it not only appealing to read but extracting meaning for his research. He had these letters from the 50s, and the 60s, from all sorts of different gay men with different views on being gay in society. Loftin takes these first-hand accounts of gay life and tries to make sense of what being gay in that time was as respectfully as possible. He needs to omit names not because he is a kind man, which he is, but for the privacy of those that he was using. The authors of these letters could be deceased or alive but it was still not Loftin’s place to out them or potentially alter their legacy. It is imperative to respect those in research and Loftin had such a keen understanding of that. Loftin conducted his research respectfully and wrote a book about it while maintaining the anonymity of those he was referring to. Before any research can be done, especially on this topic, respect and ethics must be upheld which is what Craig Loftin did.
When beginning his proper research after reading the letters, Loftin began to consider the most simple ways that he should go about compiling the information and presenting it in an accurate way. One of the things that he did that proved to be most successful was reading the letter in their entirety, multiple times, and coding while he was doing it. So with this in mind, he set out to do his research. It took him almost a year before he felt as though he thoroughly understood the messages and stories that of which the letters were trying to tell. Obviously, there was a lot of information to process, enough that he had hundreds of pages worth of notes by the end of his research. One problem that Loftin faced was whether or not he would allow his agenda to seep into his research, but he took extra care to make sure that would not happen. It was important to “let the letters tell the story and speak for themselves.”
Eventually, chapters began to develop around the topic that different letters were commonly found across the thousands of letters that were archived. To compile everything together Loftin began to code the research, in which he set keywords throughout the letters. For example, he would set keywords to “family” or “love” to track his research and accurately compile the information he needed to begin his research. Loftin’s use of coding and his care to accurately portray the thoughts and emotions of the letters that he was writing about made for a very good start to his research on primary sources.
In researching further into Loftin’s content analysis research, his coding method in categorizing the letters must be fully understood. In order to make the book easily digestible, he decided that he should divide the letters into chapters separated by key phrases. To know which key phrases he should use, he filled out several hundred pages of single-space notes of potential subjects. This process took quite a long time, as he spent years just reading the letters and writing down notes, and writing down simple words for each passage he deemed significant. From there, he found patterns of repeated words, such as family life, jail, or specific cities, and pasted sections of letters that contained these topics into their own chapters. In using the keywords, Loftin found he was able to keep his research flexible; meaning he was able to unexpectedly create more specific chapters within these sections that he would not have noticed. For example, through dividing the letters, he realized that many gay men found fear in the effeminate, or stereotypical, gay men because they were scared that being associated with them would expose their sexuality to the public.
Even with coding the letters into chapters, he still had to do secondary research into finding more information, like finding more information about gay men in jail in the incarcerated chapter. In dividing the letters into key phrases, he was able to create a content analysis research method that not only made it easier for the reader to digest all the material in the letters but also for Loftin to create the book on a subject he is highly knowledgeable about and very passionate about. Overall, this is a wonderful example of how combining an interest in a subject and a thorough research process together can create a book that other readers can enjoy learning from.
Dr. Bey-Ling Sha currently serves as the dean of the College of Communications on the Cal State Fullerton campus. When selecting a professional to interview for inspiration towards our future term project, our group decided to interview Dr. Bey-Ling Sha after reading her published study published in 2005 titled “Future professionals’ perceptions of work, life, and gender issues in public relations,” which focuses on work perceptions in the public relations industry. Our goal for the interview was to understand better different research methods relating to quantitative research and how we can apply similar research methods from Dr. Sha’s study to our term project.
About 20 years ago, Dr. Bey-Ling Sha’s study on “Future professionals’ perceptions of work, life, and gender issues in public relations” (2005) still holds much relevance in today’s society and work environment. With this in mind, our group came into this interview with Dr. Sha very intuitive and eager to learn more about the research steps she developed and the methods used regarding this particular research. Surveying was a large part of Sha’s research, whereas getting respondents’ feedback regarding this issue. Even in 2005, in the early stages of technological surveying, Sha received an above-average respondent rate, with a sample size of 6,284 students, 566 participated. In a college setting, surveys are consistently sent out to students, asking for their opinions and experiences and incentivizing them to complete the survey. Today, college students are less apt to respond to surveys, even with an incentive. One of the first questions we asked Dr. Sha was if 566 respondents still provided significant and accurate data regarding the topic. From her response, we learned that a decent response rate is 10-14%, which she had received. We also learned that the statistical analysis of over 468 respondents was reasonable and adequate. This information will help us idealize what response rate for our survey will provide accurate and adequate data to consider. Dr. Sha also emphasized the importance of “item non-response,” which entails what percentage of the population returned the survey but how many skipped part of the instrument because it was too long. Therefore, we will need to consider the overall sample size being large enough to run the analysis and whether “enough people filled in and answered specific questions that we need to input into the statistical formula to run that particular statistic.” The sample size was important to discuss because getting students to participate in a survey is difficult, so we need to be prepared to have a large enough sample size to ensure the actual response rate is still enough to provide information to run the statistical analysis.
In order to feel confident in getting a high response rate for our survey, Dr. Sha also shared some tips that will be important in implementing our survey strategies. She shared that getting a high response rate depends on the participants’ convenience. For example, a lengthy and extensive survey can overwhelm and bore the participant, resulting in a poorly answered or completely unanswered and unusable response. While it is better to have a short survey, ensuring our survey is comprehensive is also critical without compromising missing survey questions that help our research. Another thing to think about is balancing authenticity with incentivization. We want people to participate in the survey because of choice rather than because there is an incentive that results in little effort in accurate responses to the actual survey. Another helpful tip Dr. Sha recommended to encourage student participation would be sending everyone a preliminary email that alerts participants, inviting them to participate in a survey that will be sent out shortly. Then also sending a post-solicitation reminder for students that a survey is active but still needs to be completed.
SOURCE: Sha, B.-L., & Toth, E. L. (2005). Future professionals’ perceptions of work, life, and gender issues in public relations. Public Relations Review, 31(1), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2004.09.004
There are limitations when conducting a survey because of skewed sample responses. Dr. Sha’s study identified the sample population. While our study will not be on a large scale or generate an equal amount of responses to Dr. Sha, it is important to remain skeptical and have an appropriate sample size so that our research remains unbiased. In order to do so, this gave our group clarity and a starting checkpoint in our research because we need to determine our sample population and sample size first and then evaluate which research method would be the best fit. Ideally, Dr. Sha understands that more responses are better; however, to be cautious about misusing or misinterpreting quantitative data (for example, 75% out of 4 people is more skewed than 75% out of a sample of 400 people).
In addition to Dr. Sha’s expertise in utilizing quantitative data, she provided a suggested reading material explaining effective measurement techniques for further brainstorming if we were interested in measuring qualitative data. A primary concern when conducting qualitative studies is how to articulate the results and discuss the effects of a research study. Results in a research study do not mean publishing data without providing an explanation; rather, they should provide answers to the research purpose. Dr. Sha’s qualitative research article summarized various published studies that use qualitative research sampling that list the success of qualitative from each research article. Ultimately, multiple qualitative data collection methods, including in-depth interviews, document analysis, or field experiments in a research study, enhance the credibility of the research. One example from Dr. Sha’s article list is nonprofit relationship management, where it utilized a five-dimensional Likert scale for measurements but was able to translate that quantitative data into qualitative data. For our future term project, we could incorporate quantitative and qualitative methods for adequate measurement levels and maintain credibility in our research.
Our interview helped us determine the next steps and inspiration as we move forward to conduct our research and start our term project. Initially, our idea was to complete a term project using qualitative methods. However, this interview helped us better understand quantitative methods, and we feel confident in our ability to conduct research using survey tools that yield reliable and valid data points. Using quantitative data will allow us to achieve higher responses, and we can effectively execute our research given the short time frame of our project. We gained new insight to pay attention to important details when conducting surveys, particularly skewed responses and biased sampling sizes. Using Dr. Sha’s method to construct our survey is an excellent framework for us to get a start in brainstorming research topics and drafting our survey.
SOURCE: Qualtrics screenshot of constructing a survey from class on March 9, 2023.
The Society for Communications Research 
